Modélisation Mathématique et Simulation Numérique de Systèmes Fluides Quantiques

The PhD thesis is concerned with the study of a new class of quantum transport models: the quantum fluid models derived from the entropy principle. These models have been derived in two articles published in 2003 and 2005 by Degond, Méhats and Ringhofer in the Journal of Statistical Physics, by adapting to the quantum framework the moment method developed by Levermore in the classical framework. This method consists in taking the moments of the Quantum Liouville equation and closing this system by a local equilibrium (or quantum Maxwellian) defined as the minimizer of a quantum entropy with constraints on some physical quantities such as the mass, current, and energy. The main interest of such macroscopic models is their low cost in terms of numerical implementation compared to microscopic models such as the Schrödinger equation or the Wigner equation. Moreover, such models take implicitly into account collisions which are much more difficult to handle with quantum microscopic models. The goal of this thesis is thus to propose numerical methods to implement these models and to test them on some physical devices.We have started in chapter I by proposing a discretization for the most simple of these models which is the Quantum Drift-Diffusion model on a closed domain. We have then decided in chapter II and III to apply this model to electron transport in semiconductors by choosing as open device the resonant tunneling diode. We have then studied in chapter IV the Isothermal Quantum Euler model, before considering in chapter V the study of non isothermal models such as the Quantum Hydrodynamic and the Quantum Energy Transport models. Finally, chapter VI is concerned with a slightly different problem which is the implementation of an asymptotically stable scheme in the semiclassical limit for the fluid formulation of the Schrödinger equation: the Madelung system.Le sujet de la thèse porte sur l'étude d'une nouvelle classe de modèles de transport quantique: les modèles fluides quantiques issus du principe de minimisation d'entropie. Ces modèles ont été dérivés dans deux articles publiés en 2003 et 2005 par Degond, Méhats et Ringhofer dans Journal of Statistical Physics en adaptant au cadre de la théorie quantique la méthode des moments développée par Levermore dans le cadre classique. Cette méthode consiste à prendre les moments de l'équation de Liouville quantique et à fermer ce système par un équilibre local (ou Maxwellienne quantique) défini comme minimiseur d'une certaine entropie quantique sous contrainte de conservation de certaines quantités physiques comme la masse, le courant, et l'énergie. Le principal intérêt des modèles quantiques ainsi obtenus provient du fait qu'étant macroscopiques, ils sont biens moins coûteux numériquement que des modèles microscopiques comme l'équation de Schrödinger ou l'équation de Wigner, et de plus, ils prennent en compte implicitement des effets de collision bien plus difficiles à modéliser à un niveau microscopique. Le but de cette thèse est donc de proposer des méthodes numériques pour implémenter ces modèles et de les tester sur des dispositifs physiques adéquats.Nous avons donc commencé dans le chapitre I par proposer une discrétisation du plus simple de ces modèles qu'est le modèle de Dérive-Diffusion Quantique sur un domaine fermé. Puis nous avons décidé dans le chapitre II et III d'appliquer ce modèle au transport d'électrons dans les semiconducteurs en choisissant comme dispositif ouvert la diode à effet tunnel résonnant. Ensuite nous nous sommes intéressés au chapitre IV à l'étude et l'implémentation du modèle d'Euler Quantique Isotherme, avant de s'attaquer aux modèles non isothermes dans le chapitre V avec l'étude des modèles d'Hydrodynamique Quantique et de Transport d'Énergie Quantique. Enfin, le chapitre VI s'intéresse à un problème un petit peu différent en proposant un schéma asymptotiquement stable dans la limite semi-classique pour l'équation de Schrödinger écrite dans sa formulation fluide: le système de Madelung

An entropic Quantum Drift-Diffusion model for electron transport in resonant tunneling diodes

International audienceWe present an entropic Quantum Drift Diffusion model (eQDD) and show how it can be derived on a bounded domain as the diffusive approximation of the Quantum Liouville equation with a quantum BGK operator. Some links between this model and other existing models are exhibited, especially with the Density Gradient (DG) model and the Schrödinger-Poisson Drift Diffusion model (SPDD). Then a finite difference scheme is proposed to discretize the eQDD model coupled to the Poisson equation and we show how this scheme can be slightly modified to discretize the other models. Numerical results show that the properties listed for the eQDD model are checked, as well as the model captures important features concerning the modeling of a resonant tunneling diode. To finish, some comparisons between the models stated above are realized

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Background: Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. // Methods: We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung's disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. // Findings: We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung's disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middle-income countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in low-income countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. // Interpretation: Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Entropic discretization of a quantum drift-diffusion model

International audienceThis paper is devoted to the discretization and numerical simulation of a new quantum drift-diffusion model that was recently derived. In a first step, we introduce an implicit semi-discretization in time which possesses some interesting properties: this system is well-posed, it preserves the positivity of the density, the total charge is conserved, and it is entropic (a free energy is dissipated). Then, after a discretization of the space variable, we define a numerical scheme which has the same properties and is equivalent to a convex minimization problem. Moreover, we show that this discrete solution converges for long times to the solution of a discrete Schrödinger-Poisson system. These results are illustrated by some numerical simulations

Modélisation mathématique et simulation numérique de systèmes fluides quantiques

Le sujet de la thèse porte sur l'étude d'une nouvelle classe de modèles de transport quantique: les modèles fluides quantiques issus du principe de minimisation d'entropie. Ces modèles ont été dérivés dans deux articles publiés en 2003 et 2005 par Degond, Méhats et Ringhofer dans Journal of Statistical Physics en adaptant au cadre de la théorie quantique la méthode des moments développée par Levermore dans le cadre classique. Cette méthode consiste à prendre les moments de l'équation de Liouville quantique et à fermer ce système par un équilibre local (ou Maxwellienne quantique) défini comme minimiseur d'une certaine entropie quantique sous contrainte de conservation de certaines quantités physiques comme la masse, le courant, et l'énergie. Le principal intérêt des modèles quantiques ainsi obtenus provient du fait qu'étant macroscopiques, ils sont biens moins coûteux numériquement que des modèles microscopiques comme l'équation de Schrödinger ou l'équation de Wigner, et de plus, ils prennent en compte implicitement des effets de collision bien plus difficiles à modéliser à un niveau microscopique. Le but de cette thèse est donc de proposer des méthodes numériques pour implémenter ces modèles et de les tester sur des dispositifs physiques adéquats. Nous avons donc commencé dans le chapitre I par proposer une discrétisation du plus simple de ces modèles qu'est le modèle de Dérive-Diffusion Quantique sur un domaine fermé. Puis nous avons décidé dans le chapitre II et III d'appliquer ce modèle au transport d'électrons dans les semiconducteurs en choisissant comme dispositif ouvert la diode à effet tunnel résonnant. Ensuite nous nous sommes intéressés au chapitre IV à l'étude et l'implémentation du modèle d'Euler Quantique Isotherme, avant de s'attaquer aux modèles non isothermes dans le chapitre V avec l'étude des modèles d'Hydrodynamique Quantique et de Transport d'Énergie Quantique. Enfin, le chapitre VI s'intéresse à un problème un petit peu différent en proposant un schéma asymptotiquement stable dans la limite semi-classique pour l'équation de Schrödinger écrite dans sa formulation fluide: le système de Madelung.TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF